Languages and structure to use for data driven web application

I am going to create a web application that will take some user submitted data, process it and display it graphically like a graph, chart, etc.

Apart from HTML, CSS and PHP what other languages would you recommend i would learn and use for this project? I am especially confused about all the different javascript frameworks like AngularJS, backbone, JQuery and so on since i will need javascript for this.

I would like to use something like Java or Scala for back-end if you think that would be useful since it will give me extra credit from the University.

Thank you in advance for any help regarding this!