What NPM dependencies are required for modular Vue?

I am new to modern web development. I am currently learning Vue JS (the latest version) and I have watched some tutorial videos online. The videos teach Vue JS using a plain HTML + <script> setup instead of a project setup created by a Vue CLI program.

Now, I would like to know what NPM dependencies in the package.json file are required to change a project setup from a single HTML + Vue CDN script src to one with a folder structure set up by vue-cli, just like modern project folder structure created by other CLIs, e.g. Angular and React.

After running vue init <template name> I get a package.json like the following:

{
    ...,
    "scripts": {
      "dev": "webpack-dev-server --inline --progress --config build/webpack.dev.conf.js",
      "start": "npm run dev",
      "lint": "eslint --ext .js,.vue src",
      "build": "node build/build.js"
    },
    "dependencies": {
      "vue": "^2.5.2",
      "vue-router": "^3.0.1"
    },
    "devDependencies": {
      "autoprefixer": "^7.1.2",
      "babel-core": "^6.22.1",
      "babel-eslint": "^8.2.1",
      "babel-helper-vue-jsx-merge-props": "^2.0.3",
      "babel-loader": "^7.1.1",
      "babel-plugin-syntax-jsx": "^6.18.0",
      "babel-plugin-transform-runtime": "^6.22.0",
      "babel-plugin-transform-vue-jsx": "^3.5.0",
      "babel-preset-env": "^1.3.2",
      "babel-preset-stage-2": "^6.22.0",
      "chalk": "^2.0.1",
      "copy-webpack-plugin": "^4.0.1",
      "css-loader": "^0.28.0",
      "eslint": "^4.15.0",
      "eslint-config-standard": "^10.2.1",
      "eslint-friendly-formatter": "^3.0.0",
      "eslint-loader": "^1.7.1",
      "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.7.0",
      "eslint-plugin-node": "^5.2.0",
      "eslint-plugin-promise": "^3.4.0",
      "eslint-plugin-standard": "^3.0.1",
      "eslint-plugin-vue": "^4.0.0",
      "extract-text-webpack-plugin": "^3.0.0",
      "file-loader": "^1.1.4",
      "friendly-errors-webpack-plugin": "^1.6.1",
      "html-webpack-plugin": "^2.30.1",
      "node-notifier": "^5.1.2",
      "optimize-css-assets-webpack-plugin": "^3.2.0",
      "ora": "^1.2.0",
      "portfinder": "^1.0.13",
      "postcss-import": "^11.0.0",
      "postcss-loader": "^2.0.8",
      "postcss-url": "^7.2.1",
      "rimraf": "^2.6.0",
      "semver": "^5.3.0",
      "shelljs": "^0.7.6",
      "uglifyjs-webpack-plugin": "^1.1.1",
      "url-loader": "^0.5.8",
      "vue-loader": "^13.3.0",
      "vue-style-loader": "^3.0.1",
      "vue-template-compiler": "^2.5.2",
      "webpack": "^3.6.0",
      "webpack-bundle-analyzer": "^2.9.0",
      "webpack-dev-server": "^2.9.1",
      "webpack-merge": "^4.1.0"
    },
    "engines": {
      "node": ">= 6.0.0",
      "npm": ">= 3.0.0"
    },
    "browserslist": [
      "> 1%",
      "last 2 versions",
      "not ie <= 8"
    ]
}

In this NPM project, it is not required to have a <script src> CDN link So which of the above dependencies are needed?

In Vue's official documentation, it states that:

The Installation page provides more options of installing Vue. Note: We do not recommend that beginners start with vue-cli, especially if you are not yet familiar with Node.js-based build tools.

May I know what dependencies do the job (or if it is the nature of a Node.js project, it is born this way) and any documentation or quotes from developers that are easy to understand for web dev newbies like me?