How Google, Facebook (and many others) get rid of GET parameters from URL?

Let's say if I want to redirect to some particular post on the site ? My URL will look like: http://ift.tt/1GVU9QQ

But on facebook or google, we can see URLs like:

http://ift.tt/1ta9hrc

How can I transform my URL such that I'll not have to use "?,=,&" in my GET url ?