How does a website serve a list of data to the user for page/slider content?

im specifically talking about how when a user goes to a web page with a list of data (articles as an example) does the website send every article (maybe in an array or something) and then the client filters out the data to only visualize the articles for the page that the client is currently viewing? i'm referring to back/next buttons that will display different "pages" of data not different actual web pages (changes in url) or if it doesn't work like that then how does it?