Necessary tech stack for thesis management system?

I am super new to web development. I thought about learning full stack dev concurrently, while trying to build a project, instead of focusing on 1 language at a time. Btw, I am good with c++, know little sql and javascript.

I am trying to develop a thesis management system(heard this idea as good starting project somewhere). Basis use cases are like:

a. Professor announce subjects, 
 b. students apply from list, 
 c.  if student doesn't get subject then student adviser is notified who
 contacts student and follows up,  
d.Thesis subjects must fall under one or more topics, from a list that the department sets and the topic information along with the title, a description and a list of references is stored with each subject. 
e. if prof selects a students, he assigns two more co-supervisors 
f. final list of students and profs can be exported to document
g. student submits draft to thesis management system, that notifies prof., etc.

and some more functionality.

Now, I need to know what languages would be suitable/required in front end and back end. Would html,css(don't know much), javascript and sql be enough? If I am confident on languages required, I can start learning them.

Also, is there anything I should do/go through first before building it. I heard about outlining as-detailed-as-possible use-cases first, though I am not completely sure what it means.

Any help or pointer would be appreciated.